A bi-level optimization framework for charging station design problem considering heterogeneous charging modes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to optimize the design charging station deployed at terminal for electric transit, with explicit consideration heterogenous modes. Design/methodology/approach authors proposed a bi-level model decision-making both tactical and operational levels simultaneously. Specifically, level (i.e. lower level), service schedule recharging plan buses are optimized under specific station. objective lower-level minimize total daily cost. This solved by tailored column generation-based heuristic algorithm. At upper based upon results obtained level. A tabu search algorithm subsequently solve upper-level model. Findings study conducted numerical cases validate applicability Some managerial insights stemmed from case studies revealed discussed, which can help transit agencies scientifically. Originality/value joint heterogeneous modes in would further cost speed up market penetration battery buses.